ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Naming and describing the diversity in the Usnea cornuta
aggregate (lichenized Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) focusing
on Brazilian specimens
1
Conservatoire et jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1 ch. de
l’Impératrice, 1292 Chambésy/GE, Switzerland
2
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências,
Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Micologia, Av. Bento
Gonçalves, 9500 Campus do Vale, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre/RS,
Brazil
3
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería, Universidad de Costa Rica,
San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501, Costa Rica
Online publication date: 2020-12-29
Publication date: 2020-12-29
Plant and Fungal Systematics 2020; 65(2): 272–302
KEYWORDS
Central AmericaEuropemultispecies coalescent (MSC) modelsecondarymetabolitesSouth Americaspecies delimitation analysessystematics
ABSTRACT
This study is a reassessment of the Usnea cornuta aggregate diversity mainly in
Brazil. Based on previous multi-locus species delimitation analyses using the multispecies
coalescent model (MSC), we carried out a posteriori morphological and anatomical studies.
The following corticolous new species are described: Usnea arianae with norstictic or fatty
or lobaric acids, convex and efflorescent soralia and a lax medulla; U. flabelliformis with
protocetraric acid, fan-shaped main branches and a high medulla/cortex ratio; U. rubropallens
with protocetraric acid and a faint orange cortical/subcortical pigment; U. stipitata
with constictic acid, stipitate soralia and a high medulla/cortex ratio; and U. tenuicorticata
with protocetraric acid, a thin cortex and a high medulla/cortex ratio. The newly described
species were found to occur so far only in the Americas, except U. arianae which shows
an amphi-atlantic distribution in Europe and on the American continent. Seven species
already described belonging to the U. cornuta aggr. in Brazil are further treated here:
Usnea boomiana with caperatic acid and large, concave soralia, new to South America;
U. brasiliensis with protocetraric acid, minute and irregular soralia; U. cornuta with mainly
salazinic acid and minute soralia fusing into consoralia; U. macaronesica (syn. nov.: U. subglabrata)
with barbatic acid, large excavate soralia and a lax medulla; Usnea subpectinata,
a so far european species resurrected from the U. cornuta synonymy, with stictic acid and
numerous isidiofibrils, new to South America; and U. trachyclada with thamnolic acid
and K+ bright yellow stipitate soralia. Full descriptions with morphological, anatomical
and chemical features, geographical distributions, and illustrations are provided for each
species along with an identification key.
REFERENCES (58)
1.
Amo de paz, G., Cubas, P., Divakar, P. K., Lumbsch, H. T. & Crespo, A. 2011. Origin and Diversification of Major Clades in Parmelioid Lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) during the Paleogene Inferred by Bayesian Analysis. PLoS One 6(12): e28161. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
2.
Andermann, T., Fernandes, A. M., Olsson, U., Töpel, M., Pfeil, B., Oxelman, B., Aleixo, A., Faircloth, B. C. & Antonelli, A. 2019. Allele phasing greatly improves the phylogenetic utility of ultraconserved elements. Systematic Biology 68: 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio....
3.
Bailey, R. & James, P. 1979. Birds and the dispersal of lichen propagules. The Lichenologist 11: 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
4.
Bouckaert, R., Heled, J., Kühnert, D., Vaughan, T., Wu, C.-H., Dong, X., Suchard, M. A., Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A. J. 2014. BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. Plos Computational Biology 10(4): e1003537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
5.
Brodo, I. M., Sharnoff, D. & Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
6.
Bungartz, F., Truong, C., Herrera-Campos, M. & Clerc, P. 2018. The genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) in the Galapagos Islands. Herzogia 31: 571–629. https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.....
7.
Caviró, E. A. 2015. Sistemática integrada del género Usnea Dill. Ex Adans. (Parmeliaceae) en la Península Ibérica. PhD dissertation. Madrid, Spain.
8.
Clerc, P. 1984. Contribution à la révision de la systématique des usnées (Ascomycotina, Usnea) d’Europe I. Usnea florida (L.) Wigg. emend. Clerc. Cryptogamie, Bryologie et Lichenologie 5: 333–360.
9.
Clerc, P. 1987a. On the morphology of soralia in the genus Usnea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 25: 99–102.
10.
Clerc, P. 1987b. Systematics of the Usnea fragilescens aggregate and its distribution in Scandinavia. Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756....
11.
Clerc, P. 1998. Species concepts in the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes). The Lichenologist 30: 321–340. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1....
12.
Clerc, P. 2004. Notes on the genus Usnea Adanson. II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 79–90.
13.
Clerc, P. 2006. Synopsis of Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) from the Azores with additional information on the species in Macaronesia. The Lichenologist 38: 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
14.
Clerc, P. 2007. Usnea. In: Nash, T. H., Gries, III, C. & Bungartz, F. (eds), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region Vol. 3, pp. 302–335. Tempe: Lichen Unlimited, Arizona State University, Arizona.
15.
Clerc, P. 2011. Usnea. In: Thell, A. & Moberg, R. (eds), Nordic Lichen Flora Vol. 4, pp. 107–127. Uddevalla: Nordic Lichen Society.
16.
Clerc, P. 2016. Notes on the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). IV. Herzogia 29: 403–411. https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.....
17.
Clerc, P. & Herrera-Campos, M. A. 1997. Saxicolous species of Usnea subgenus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America. The Bryologist 100: 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2307/324449....
18.
Clerc, P. & Otte, V. 2018. Usnea viktoriana (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae), a new European taxon of the Usnea barbata-dasopoga group, with a key to the shrubby-subpendulous sorediate Usnea species in Europe. The Lichenologist 50: 513−527. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
19.
Clerc, P. & Kissling, A. 2019. Les Baillets (Russin, Genève, Suisse) : un «hotspot» pour le genre Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycètes lichénisés) en Europe. Saussurea 48: 125−137.
20.
Culberson, C. F. & Ammann, K. 1979. Standardmethode zur Dünnschichtchromatographie von Flechtensubstanzen. Herzogia 5: 1–24.
21.
Culberson, C. F. & Johnson, A. 1982. Substitution of methyl tert-butyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardized thin-layer chromatographic method for lichen products. Journal of Chromatography 238: 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-....
22.
Dal Forno, M., Bungartz, F., Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Lücking, R. & Lawrey, J. D. 2017. High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens. Fungal Diversity 85: 45–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225....
23.
Degelius, G. 1935. Das ozeanische Element der Strauch- und Laubflechtenflora von Skandinavien. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 7: 1–411.
24.
Fernández-Mendoza, F,Domaschke, S., García, M. A., Jordan, P, Martín, M. P. & Printzen, C. 2011. Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata. Molecular Ecology 20: 1208–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365....
25.
Galloway, D. J. & Aptroot, A. 1995. Bipolar lichens: a review. Cryptogamic Botany 5: 184–191.
26.
Geml, J., Kauff, F., Brochmann, C. & Taylor, D. L. 2010. Surviving climate changes: high genetic diversity and transoceanic gene flow in two arctic–alpine lichens, Flavocetraria cucullata and F. nivalis (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Journal of Biogeography. 37: 1529–1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365....
27.
Gerlach, A., Clerc, P. & Borges da Silveira, R. M. 2017. Taxonomy of the corticolous, shrubby, esorediated, Neotropical species of Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae) with an emphasis on Southern Brazil. The Lichenologist 49: 199–238. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
28.
Gerlach, A., Toprak, Z., Naciri, Y., Caviró, E. A., Borges da Silveira, R. M. & Clerc, P. 2019. New insights into the Usnea cornuta aggregate (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota): Molecular analysis reveals high genetic diversity correlated with chemistry. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 131: 125–137. [Available online 30 October 2018] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympe....
29.
Hale, M. E. Jr. 1979, How to Know the Lichens, 2nd edition. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown.
30.
Halonen, P., Clerc, P., Goward, T., Brodo, I. M. & Wulff, K. 1998. Synopsis of the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in British Columbia, Canada. The Bryologist 101: 36–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/324407....
31.
Herrera-Campos, M. A., Clerc, P. & Nash, T. H. III. 1998. Pendulous species of Usnea from the temperate forests in Mexico. The Bryologist 101: 303–329. https://doi.org/10.2307/324420....
32.
Herrera-Campos, M. A., Nash, T. H. III & Garcia, A. Z. 2001. Preliminary study of the Usnea fragilescens aggregate in Mexico. The Bryologist 104: 235–259. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
33.
Jones, G., Aydin, Z., Oxelman, B. 2015. DISSECT: an assignment-free Bayesian discovery method for species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent. Bioinformatics 31: 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinf....
34.
Jones, G. 2016. STACEY: species delimitation and phylogeny estimation under the multispecies coalescent. https://doi.org/10.1101/010199.
35.
Lücking, R., Dal Forno, M., Moncada, B., Coca, L. F., Vargas-Mendoza, L. Y. et al. (50 more authors). 2017a. Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday. Fungal Diversity 84: 139–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225....
36.
Lücking, R., Moncada B., McCune, B., Farkas, E., Goffinet, B., Parker, D., Chaves, J. L., Lőkös, L., Nelson, P. R., Spribille, T., Stenroos, S., Wheeler, T., Yanez-Ayabaca, A., Dillman, K., Gockman, O. T., Goward, T., Hollinger, J., Tripp, E. A., Villella, J., Álvaro-Alba, W. R., Arango, C. J., Cáceres, M. E. S., Coca, L. F., Printzen, C., Rodríguez, C., Scharnagl, K., Rozzi, R., Soto-Medina, E. & Yakovchenko, L. S. 2017b. Pseudocyphellaria crocata (Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in the Americas is revealed to be thirteen species, and none of them is P. crocata. The Bryologist 120: 441−500. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
37.
Lumbsch, H. T. & Leavitt, S. D. 2011. Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi. Fungal Diversity 50: 59−72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225....
38.
Moncada, B., Lücking, R. & Suárez, A. 2014. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in Colombia. Fungal Diversity 64: 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225....
39.
Muñoz, J., Felicísimo, A. M., Cabezas, F., Burgaz, A. R. & Martínez, I., 2004. Wind as a long distance dispersal vehicle in the Southern Hemisphere. Science 304: 1144–1147. https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc....
40.
Naciri, Y. & Linder, H. P. 2015. Species delimitation and relationships: the dance of the seven veils. Taxon 64: 3–16. https://doi.org/10.12705/641.2....
41.
Ohmura, Y. 2001. Taxonomic study of the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in Japan and Taiwan. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 90: 1–96.
42.
Ohmura, Y. 2012. A synopsis of the lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Taiwan. Memoirs of the National Museum of Nature and Science 48: 91–137.
43.
Ohmura, Y. & Clerc, P. 2019. Lectotypification of Usnea confusa (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series B, Botany 45: 63–70.
44.
Pérez-Vargas, I, Hernández-Padrón, C., Arroyo & E. Seriña, R. 2010. Usnea brasiliensis (Zahlbr.) Motyka (Parmeliaceae), a new amphi- Atlantic disjunct lichen species. The Bryologist 113: 308−312. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
45.
Rambaut, A., Suchard, M. A., Drummond, W. Xie & A. J. 2013. Tracer v1.6. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk.
46.
Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. 2003. Bayes estimation of species divergence times and ancestral population sizes using DNA sequences from multiple loci. Genetics 164: 1645–1656.
47.
Rizzini, C. T. 1952. Species Organenses generis lichenum Usneae. (Omnes acidum usnicum praebentes). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 12: 337−348.
48.
Rizzini, C. T. 1956. Flora Organensis. Lichenes. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 16: 387−402.
49.
Rodriguez, J. M., Estrabou, C., Truong, C. & Clerc, P. 2011. The saxicolous species of the genus Usnea subgenus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in Argentina. The Bryologist 114: 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
50.
RStudio Team. 2015. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com.
51.
Saag, L., Tõrra, T., Saag, A., Del Prado, R. & Randlane, T. 2011. Phylogenetic relations of European shrubby taxa of the genus Usnea. The Lichenologist 43: 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
52.
Stirton, J. 1881. On the genus Usnea and a new genus allied to it. Scottish Naturalist 6: 100–107.
53.
Truong, C. 2012. Systematics of the lichen genus Usnea in tropical South America. PhD thesis. University of Geneva, Geneva.
54.
Truong, C., Bungartz, F. & Clerc, P. 2011. The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in the tropical Andes and the Galapagos: species with a red-orange cortical or subcortical pigmentation. The Bryologist 114: 477–503. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
55.
Truong, C., Divakar, P. K., Yahr, R., Crespo, A. & Clerc, P. 2013a. Testing the use of ITS rDNA and protein-coding genes in the generic and species delimitation of the lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68: 357–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympe....
56.
Truong, C., Rodriguez, J. M. & Clerc, P. 2013b. Pendulous Usnea species (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos. The Lichenologist 45: 505–543. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
57.
Truong, C. & Clerc, P. 2016. New species and new records in the genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from tropical South America. The Lichenologist 48: 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00242....
58.
van den Boom, P. P. G., Clerc, P. & Ertz, D. 2015. New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc. Candollea 70: 165–177. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2015....
CITATIONS (3):
1.
Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics
Robert Lücking, Steven Leavitt, David Hawksworth
Fungal Diversity
Robert Lücking, Steven Leavitt, David Hawksworth
Fungal Diversity
2.
Lectotypification of the threatened endemic Appalachian lichen
Alectoria fallacina
James Lendemer, R. McMullin
TAXON
James Lendemer, R. McMullin
TAXON
3.
First record of Usnea stipitata (lichenized Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) for the African lichenoflora
Ridha Mokni, Philippe Clerc
Herzogia
Ridha Mokni, Philippe Clerc
Herzogia
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.