ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos
Islands: a phylogenetic revision based on morphological,
anatomical, chemical, and molecular data
| 1 | Biodiversity Integration Knowledge Center, Arizona State University,
PO Box 874108, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4108,
USA |
| 2 | Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador |
| 3 | Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, Puerto Ayora,
Ecuador |
| 4 | Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Denmark |
| 5 | Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund,
Sweden |
Online publication date: 2020-12-29
Publication date: 2020-12-29
Plant and Fungal Systematics 2020; 65(2): 515–576
KEYWORDS
Census of Galapagos BiodiversityCaloplacaGalapagos Lichen InventorySquamuleataxonomyidentification keySouth AmericaHPLCsecondary metabolites
ABSTRACT
The lichen family Teloschistaceae from the Galapagos is revised. Most of the
species belong to the Caloplacoideae, two to Teloschistoideae and a few to Xanthorioideae,
three subfamilies not validly published, which is remedied here. Four different datasets
were analyzed using Bayesian inference. For the bulk of the species, a combined dataset
of nrITS, nrLSU and mrSSU was analyzed. Additionally, three analyses were performed
using nrITS to further investigate phylogenetic relationships within and between species
in each subfamily, and in the genera Xanthomendoza and Squamulea. Four new genera
are described: Lacrima, Oceanoplaca, Phaeoplaca, Sucioplaca. Twenty-four species
are reported, of which ten are new to science: Caloplaca nigra, Lacrima galapagoensis,
Oceanoplaca chemoisidiosa, O. sideritoides, Phaeoplaca tortuca, Squamulea chelonia,
S. humboldtiana, S. osseophila, S. oceanica, and Xanthomendoza leoncita. Several new
combinations are proposed and three species of Xanthomendoza are reduced to synonymy.
Several new combinations and species placed into synonymy do not occur in the Galapagos,
but are treated as a consequence of our taxonomic revision. Morphology, anatomy, secondary
chemistry, distribution and molecular phylogenetic affiliation are presented for each species
and a key is provided. Eight different chemical patterns are quantitatively described based
on HPLC analyses. The new genus Lacrima includes L. galapagoensis, a species without
vegetative propagules, and two densely isidiate species, L. epiphora and L. aphanotripta
that are morphologically similar to ‘Caloplaca’ wrightii. The only species of Galapagos
Teloschistaceae that contains xanthones is placed into Huneckia. Oceanoplaca includes
two species with the new anthraquinone isidiosin, O. isidiosa and O. chemoisidiosa, while
a third species, O. sideritoides, does not contain this secondary metabolite. Phaeoplaca
camptidia has previously been reported from Galapagos, but our phylogenetic analysis
suggests that it is a new species, here named P. tortuca. An isolated position is occupied
by ‘Caloplaca’ diplacia, which we place in it its own monotypic genus Sucioplaca. Some
Galapagos Teloschistaceae can be considered a ‘residue’ of unresolved Caloplaca s.l., i.e.
the corticolous C. floridana is possibly related to the saxicolous C. nigra, while C. cupulifera
can currently not be placed. Squamulea remains particularly problematic and includes
S. phyllidizans, that is nested among otherwise unresolved Squamulea species. Based on
molecular data, S. phyllidizans is close to ‘Huriella’. ‘Huriella’ flakusii, described from
Peru, is confirmed to occur in the Galapagos and the genus is reduced to synonymy with
Squamulea. The Squamulea squamosa/subsoluta group remains largely unresolved, but the
new species S. chelonia, S. humboldtiana, S. oceanica, and S. osseophila are phylogenetically
distinct. Foliose Teloschistaceae are represented only by one species, described as
Xanthomendoza leoncita, while the only fruticose species, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus
and T. flavicans, are cosmopolitan.
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