ORIGINAL ARTICLE
André Aptroot – A life for lichens
1
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität
Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
2
Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana
49500-000, SE, Brazil
3
Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Working Group, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
4
Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Plant Ecology
and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Submission date: 2026-07-01
Acceptance date: 2026-07-14
Online publication date: 2026-07-31
Publication date: 2026-07-31
Plant and Fungal Systematics 2026; 71(1): 2-21
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
On April 7, 2026, André Aptroot celebrated his 65th birthday. Here, we provide
a concise biographic sketch of his career in lichenology and mycology. André is considered
one of the most prolific lichenologists and mycologists of all time and the most prolific
in modern history, publishing more than 1,230 scientific works and describing 1,332 new
taxa to date, including 1,265 species, 65 genera, and two infraspecies. He is one of only
about a handful of global specialists in tropical lichens, with numerous contributions to
the knowledge of the lichen biota of diverse regions across the globe. Especially important
is his work in numerous tropical areas, including Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador and
the Galapagos, the Guianas, Brazil, Madagascar, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, the
Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Australia. In this dedication, we provide a concise
overview of André’s career and touch on his impact on global lichen and fungal taxonomy.
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1.
Alves, M. M. E., Aptroot, A., Lacerda, S. R. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2014. A new Eschatogonia species and two new Gassicurtia species from Chapada do Araripe, Ceará, NE Brazil. The Bryologist 117: 50–53. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
2.
Andrade, D. S., Aptroot, A., Lücking, R., Barbosa, B. M. C., Cavalcante, J. G. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2020. Crustose Caliciaceae in Restinga vegetation in Brazil with a new species of Gassicurtia and two identification keys. The Bryologist 123: 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
3.
Aptroot, A. 1982. De lichenologische najaarsexcursie 1978 naar Bergen. Buxbaumiella 12: 3–11.
4.
Aptroot, A. 1987a. Report of the meeting “Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Eighties”. International Lichenological Newsletter 20: 14–15.
5.
Aptroot, A. 1987b. Proposal to conserve Buellia De Not. against Gassicurtia Fée (Lichenized Fungi, Pyxinaceae). Taxon 36: 474. https://doi.org/10.2307/122145....
6.
Aptroot, A. 1987c. Studies on the Flora of the Guianas. 26: Five new species of the lichen genus Rinodina from the Guianas. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C, 90: 239–242.
7.
Aptroot, A. 1991. A monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requinellaceae, with notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44: 1–178.
9.
Aptroot, A. 1995b. Redisposition of some species excluded from Didymosphaeria (Ascomycotina). Nova Hedwigia 60: 325–380.
10.
Aptroot, A. 1998. A world revision of Massarina (Ascomycota). Nova Hedwigia 66: 89–162.
11.
Aptroot, A. 2006. Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs. 2. Conspectus of Mycosphaerella. CBS Biodiversity Series 5: 1–231.
12.
Aptroot, A. 2012. A world key to the species of Anthracothecium and Pyrenula. The Lichenologist 44: 5–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
13.
Aptroot, A. 2021. World key to the species of Pyrenulaceae and Trypetheliaceae. Archive for Lichenology 29: 1–90.
14.
Aptroot, A. 2023. Lichens from the Roosevelt River Area in the Brazilian Amazon. Microbiology Research 14: 755–786. https://doi.org/10.3390/microb....
15.
Aptroot, A. & Feuerstein, S. C. 2020. New Graphidaceae from south and central Brazil. Archive for Lichenology 16: 1–11.
16.
Aptroot, A. & Gumboski, E. L. 2025. The first Neotropical littoral lichen: Collemopsidium crassostreicola growing on living Crassostrea shells. Archive for Lichenology 49: 1–4.
17.
Aptroot, A. & Lücking, R. 2016. A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales). The Lichenologist 48: 763–982. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
18.
Aptroot, A. & Lumbsch, H. T. 1985. Ergänzungen zur Verbreitung von Cladonia fragillissima. Herzogia 7: 243–245.
19.
Aptroot, A. & Schumm, F. 2011. Fruticose Roccellaceae: an anatomical-microscopical atlas and guide with a worldwide key and further notes on some crustose Roccellaceae or similar lichens. Published by the authors.
20.
Aptroot, A. & Souza, M. F. 2021. New lichen species and records from the Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 42: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.5252/crypto....
21.
Aptroot, A. & Spielmann, A. 2020. New lichen species and records from the Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, the westernmost Atlantic rain forest. Archive for Lichenology 17: 1–26.
22.
Aptroot, A. & van Geel, B. 2006. Fungi of the colon of the Yukagir Mammoth and from stratigraphically related permafrost samples. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 141: 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
23.
Aptroot, A. & van Herk, C. M. 1994. Veldgids Korstmossen. KNNV Uitgeverij, Utrecht.
24.
Aptroot, A. & van Herk, C. M. 2007. Further evidence of the effects of global warming on lichens, particularly those with Trentepohlia phycobionts. Environmental Pollution 146: 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
25.
Aptroot, A., van den Boom, P. & Spier, L. 1992. Standaardlijst van de Nederlandse Korstmossen Aanvullingen en Wijzigingen. Buxbaumiella 27: 50–54.
26.
Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Sérusiaux, E. & Sipman, H. J. M. 1997. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from New Guinea. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 64: 1–220.
27.
Aptroot, A., van Herk, C. M., Sparrius, L. B., van Den Boom, P. P. G. 1999. Checklist van de Nederlandse lichenen en lichenicole fungi. Buxbaumiella 50: 3–64.
28.
Aptroot, A., van Herk, C. M., Sparrius, L. B. & Spier, J. L. 2004. Checklist van Nederlandse korstmossen en korstmosparasieten. Buxbaumiella 69: 17–55.
29.
Aptroot, A., Saipunkaew, W., Sipman, H. J. M., Sparrius, L. B. & Wolseley, P. 2007. New lichens from Thailand, mainly microlichens from Chiang Mai. Fungal Diversity 24: 75–134.
30.
Aptroot, A., Lücking, R., Sipman, H. J. M., Umaña, L. & Chaves, J. L. 2008. Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci. A first assessment of the lichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 97: 1–162.
31.
Aptroot, A., van Herk, C. M. & Sparrius, L. B. 2011. Basisrapport voor de Rode Lijst korstmossen. BLWG Rapport 12: 1–108.
32.
Aptroot, A., Mercado-Diaz, J. A., Bárcenas, A., Cáceres, M. E. S., Coca, L. F., Dal-Forno, M., Feuerestein, S. C., Herrera-Campos, M. A., Joshi, S., Kirika, P. M., Kraichak, E., Lumbsch, H. T., Miranda, R., Moncada, B., Nelsen, M. P., Pérez-Pérez, R. E., Scharnagl, K., Medina, E. S., Yánez, A. & Lücking, R. 2014a. Rapid assessment of the diversity of «vehiculicolous» lichens on a thiry year old Ford Bronco truck in central Puerto Rico. Fungi Magazine 7(2–3): 22–27.
33.
Aptroot, A., Sipman, H. J. M., Kaeffer, M., Martins, S .M., Ferraro, L. I. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2014b. A world key to Stirtonia (Arthoniaceae), with three new Stirtonia species and one new Crypthonia species from the Neotropics. The Lichenologist 46: 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
34.
Aptroot, A., Mendonça, C. O., Ferraro, L. I. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2014c. A world key to species of the genera Topelia and Thelopsis (Stictidaceae), with the description of three new species from Brazil and Argentina. The Lichenologist 46: 801–807. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
35.
Aptroot, A., Perez-Ortega, S & Scheidegger, C. 2014d. Anzia centrifuga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T64081145A64081186. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.U...- 3.RLTS.T64081145A64081186.en.
36.
Aptroot, A., Sobreira, P. N. B. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2015. A remarkable new Ramonia (Gyalectaceae) from Brazil, with a key to the species. The Lichenologist 47: 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
37.
Aptroot, A., Feuerstein, S. C., Cunha-Dias, I. P. R., Nunes, A. R. L., Honorato, M. E. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2017. New lichen species and lichen reports from Amazon forest remnants and Cerrado vegetation in the Tocantina Region, northern Brazil. The Bryologist 120: 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
38.
Aptroot, A., Souza, M. F. & Spielmann, A. A. 2020. New lichen species from the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Archive for Lichenology 20: 1–7.
39.
Aptroot, A., Cavalcante, J. G., Santos, L. A., Oliveira Junior, I., Lima, D. O. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2021a. Checklist of the lichens of The Reserva Florestal Adolphe Ducke in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). Mycotaxon 136: 685.
40.
Aptroot, A., Santos, L. A. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2021b. Saxicolous lichens in the semi-arid Caatinga in Brazil show substratum shifts. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 42: 181–189. https://doi.org/10.5252/crypto....
41.
Aptroot, A., Santos, L. A., Oliveira Junior, I., Cavalcante, J. G. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2021c. Lichens from Brazil: A checklist of lichenized fungi from Acre, in the Amazon. Mycotaxon 136: 541.
42.
Aptroot, A., Spielmann, A. A. & Gumboski, E. L. 2021d. New lichen species and records from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Archive for Lichenology 23: 1–18.
43.
Aptroot, A., Stapper, N. J., Košuthová, A. & van Herk, C. M. 2021. Lichens as an indicator of climate and global change. In: Letcher, T. M. (ed.), Climate Change (Third Edition). Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0....
44.
Aptroot, A., Souza, M. F., Cáceres, M. E. S., Santos, L. A. & Spielmann, A. A. 2022a. New lichen records from Brazil. Archive for Lichenology 31: 1–51.
45.
Aptroot, A., Souza, M. F., Santos, L. A., Oliveira Junior, I., Barbosa, B. M. C. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2022b. New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest. The Bryologist 125: 433–465. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
46.
Aptroot, A., Santos, L. A., Vidigal Fraga Junior, C. A. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2023. Ramalea and the new genus Appressodiscus belong in the Ramalinaceae. The Bryologist 126: 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
47.
Aptroot, A., Weerakoon, G., Cannon, P., Coppins, B. J., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2023. Ostropales: Graphidaceae, including the genera Allographa, Clandestinotrema, Crutarndina, Diploschistes, Fissurina, Graphis, Leucodecton, Phaeographis, Schizotrema, Thelotrema and Topeliopsis. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 36: 1–23.
48.
Aptroot, A., Lücking, R. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2024a. New species, records and combinations of Graphidaceae (Lichenized Fungi) from Brazil. The Bryologist 127: 22–55. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
49.
Aptroot, A., Santos, L. A., Oliveira Junior, I., Vidigal Fraga Junior, C. A., Spielmann, A. A. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2024b. New lichen species from South Brazil. The Bryologist 127: 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
50.
Aptroot, A., Cáceres, M. E. S, dos Santos, L. A., Benatti, M. N., Canêz, L., Forno, M., Feuerstein, S. C., Vidigal Fraga Junior, C. A., Gerlach, A. C. L., Gumboski, E. L., Jungbluth, P., Käffer, M. I., Kalb, K., Koch, N. M., Lücking, R., Torres, J.-M. & Spielmann, A. A. 2025. The Brazilian lichen checklist: 4,828 accepted taxa constitute a country-level world record. The Bryologist 128: 96–423. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
51.
Barbosa-Silva, A. M., Silva, A. C., Pereira, E. C. G., Buril, M. L. L., Cáceres, M. E. S., Aptroot, A. & Bezerra-Gusmão, M. A. 2019. Richness of lichens consumed by Constrictotermes cyphergaster in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Sociobiology 66: 154–160. https://doi.org/10.13102/socio....
52.
Bryologische en Lichenologische Werkgroep (BLWG). 2017. Vragen aan... André Aptroot. Buxbaumiella 110: 56.
53.
Brand, A. M., Aptroot, A., De Bakker, A. F. & Van Dobben, H. F. 1988. Standaardlijst van de Nederlandse Korstmossen. Wetenschappelijke mededelingen van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging, Utrecht.
54.
Cáceres, M. E. S. & Aptroot, A. 2016. First inventory of lichens from the Brazilian Amazon in Amapá State. The Bryologist 119: 250–265. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
55.
Canêz, L. S., Koch, N. M., Barbosa, T. D., Kitaura, M. J., Spielmann, A. A., Honda, N. K., Jungbluth, P., Gerlach, A., Lücking, R. & Aptroot, A. 2022. Lichenized Ascomycota from the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Plant and Vegetation 18: 315–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
56.
Cannon, P., Ertz, D., Frisch, A., Aptroot, A., Chambers, S., Coppins, B. J., Sanderson, N., Simkin, J. & Wolseley, P. 2020a. Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 1: 1–48. https://britishlichensociety.o....
57.
Cannon, P., Otálora, M. A. G., Košuthová, A., Wedin, M., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. & Simkin, J. 2020b. Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 2: 1–38. https://britishlichensociety.o....
58.
Cannon, P., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B., Ertz, D., Sanderson, N., Simkin, J. & Wolseley, P. 2021a. Arthoniales: Roccellaceae, including the genera Cresponea, Dendrographa, Dirina, Enterographa, Gyrographa, Lecanactis, Pseudoschismatomma, Psoronactis, Roccella, Schismatomma and Syncesia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 16: 1–22. https://britishlichensociety.o....
59.
Cannon, P., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2021b. Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 9: 1–16. https://britishlichensociety.o....
60.
Cannon, P., Ekman, S., Kistenich, S., LaGreca, S., Printzen, C., Timdal, E., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2021c. Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae, including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 11: 1–82. https://britishlichensociety.o....
61.
Cannon, P., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Orange, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2022a. Lecanorales: Tephromelataceae, including the genera Calvitimela, Mycoblastus, Tephromela and Violella. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 29: 1–10. https://britishlichensociety.o....
62.
Cannon, P., Malíček, J., Ivanovich, C., Printzen, C., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Sanderson, N., Simkin, J. & Yahr, R. 2022b. Lecanorales: Lecanoraceae, including the genera Ameliella, Bryonora, Carbonea, Claurouxia, Clauzadeana, Glaucomaria, Japewia, Japewiella, Lecanora, Lecidella, Miriquidica, Myriolecis, Palicella, Protoparmeliopsis, Pyrrhospora and Traponora. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 25: 1–83. https://britishlichensociety.o....
63.
Cannon, P., Thüs, H., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Orange, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2022c. Caliciales: Physciaceae, including the genera Anaptychia, Heterodermia, Hyperphyscia, Mischoblastia, Phaeophyscia, Physcia, Physciella, Physconia, Rinodina and Tornabea. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 23: 1–37. https://britishlichensociety.o....
64.
Cannon, P., Coppins, B. J., Aptroot, A., Sanderson, A. & Simkin, J. 2023a. Perithecial genera I, including Acrocordia, Alloarthopyrenia, Anisomeridium, Antennulariella, Arthopyrenia, Celothelium, Cyrtidula, Dichoporis, Eopyrenula, Julella, Leptorhaphis, Leptosillia, Lithothelium, Mycomicrothelia, Mycoporum, Naetrocymbe, Pyrenula, Rhaphidicyrtis, Sarcopyrenia, Swinscowia and Tomasellia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 37: 1–59. https://britishlichensociety.o....
65.
Cannon, P., Divakar, P., Yahr, R., Aptroot, A., Clerc, P., Coppins, B. J., Fryday, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2023b. Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae, including the genera Alectoria, Allantoparmelia, Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, Bryoria, Cetraria, Cetrariella, Cetrelia, Cornicularia, Evernia, Flavocetraria, Flavoparmelia, Hypogymnia, Hypotrachyna, Imshaugia, Melanelia, Melanelixia, Melanohalea, Menegazzia, Montanelia, Nesolechia, Parmelia, Parmelina, Parmeliopsis, Parmotrema, Platismatia, Pleurosticta, Protoparmelia, Pseudephebe, Pseudevernia, Punctelia, Raesaenenia, Tuckermannopsis, Usnea, Vulpicida and Xanthoparmelia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 33: 1–98. https://britishlichensociety.o....
66.
Cannon, P., Nordin, A., Coppins, B. J., Aptroot, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2023c. Pertusariales: Megasporaceae, including the genera Aspicilia, Aspiciliella, Circinaria, Lobothallia, Megaspora and Sagedia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 34: 1–15. https://britishlichensociety.o....
67.
Cannon, P., Fryday, A., Coppins, B. J., Aptroot, A., Sanderson, N. & Simkin, J. 2024. Umbilicariales, including Elixia (Elixiaceae), Fuscidea (Fuscideaceae), Hypocenomyce and Ophioparma (Ophioparmaceae), Ropalospora (Ropalosporaceae) and Lasallia, Umbilicaria and Xylopsora (Umbilicariaceae). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 39: 1–24. https://britishlichensociety.o....
68.
Crous, P. W., Aptroot, A., Kang, J. C., Braun, U. & Wingfield, M. J. 2000. The genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs. In: Seifert, K., Gams, W., Crous, P. W. & Samuels, G. J. (eds), Molecules, Morphology and Classification: Towards Monophyletic Genera in the Ascomycetes [Studies in Mycology 45]. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn/Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 107–121.
69.
Etayo, J., Aptroot, A. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2020. New lichenicolous fungi from Brazil, with a checklist of all lichenicolous fungi known from Brazil. The Bryologist 123: 483–491. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2....
70.
Feuerstein, S. C., Aptroot, A., Silveira, R. M. B., Lücking, R. & Cáceres, M. E. S. 2022. An updated world key to the species of Acanthothecis s.lat. (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae), with ten new species from Brazil. The Lichenologist 54: 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00242....
71.
Fryday, A., Cannon, P., Coppins, B. J., Aptroot, A., Sanderson, A. & Simkin, J. 2024. Lecideales, including Amygdalaria, Bellemerea, Bryobilimbia, Cecidonia, Clauzadea, Farnoldia, Immersaria, Koerberiella, Lecidea, Lecidoma, Porpidia, Porpidinia and Romjularia (Lecideaeae) and Lopadium (Lopadiaceae). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens 40: 1–51. https://britishlichensociety.o....
72.
Hibbett, D. S., Binder. M., Bischoff, J. F., Blackwell, M., Cannon, P. F., Eriksson, O. E., Huhndorf, S., James, T., Kirk, P. M., Lücking, R., Lumbsch, H. T., Lutzoni, F., Matheny, P. B., McLaughlin, D. J., Powell, M. J., Redhead, S., Schoch, C. L., Spatafora, J. W., Stalpers, J. A., Vilgalys, R., Aime, M. C., Aptroot, A., Bauer, R., Begerow, D., Benny, G. L., Castlebury, L. A., Crous, P. W., Dai, Y.-C., Gams, W., Geiser, D. M., Griffith, G. W., Gueidan, C., Hawksworth, D. L., Hestmark, G., Hosaka, K., Humber, R. A., Hyde, K., Ironside, J. E., Kõljalg, U., Kurtzman, C. P., Larsson, K.-H., Lichtwardt, R., Longcore, J., Miadlikowska, J., Miller, A. Moncalvo, J.-M., Mozley-Standridge, S., Oberwinkler, F., Parmasto, E., Reeb, V., Rogers, J. D., Roux, C., Ryvarden, L., Sampaio, J. P., Schüssler, A., Sugiyama, J., Thorn, R. G., Tibell, L., Untereiner, W. A., Walker, C., Wang, Z., Weir, A., Weiss, M., White, M. M., Winka, K., Yao, Y.-J. & Zhang, N. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research 111: 509–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycr....
73.
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