ORIGINAL ARTICLE
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
A set of 44 taxa of lichenized fungi and 5 species of lichenicolous fungi was gathered in 1984 in the summit area of the mountain Glittertinden, the second highest mountain in Scandinavia. The sampled species include several high alpine taxa known as members of well-established alpine lichen communities but only few pioneer species indicating that the investigated rocks had already been ice-free for a long time. The local flora is compared to that reported from Scandinavia’s highest mountain, Galdhøpiggen, by the late Gunnar Degelius in the 1940s. With the continuing melting of the local ice cap on the summit of Glittertinden, biota will face profoundly changed environmental conditions with much additional substrate ready to be colonized in the near future.
FUNDING
NO
 
REFERENCES (196)
1.
Ahti, T., Hämet-Ahti, L. & Jalas, J. 1968. Vegetation zones and their sections in northwestern Europe. Annales Botanici Fennici 5: 169–211.
 
2.
Alatalo, J. M., Jägerbrand, A. K., Chen, S. & Molau, U. 2017. Responses of lichen communities to 18 years of natural and experimental warming. Annals of Botany 120: 159–170.
 
3.
Amundsen, B. 2014. The lichen that only likes Galdhøpiggen. The lichen species Altissima [sic!] has never been found anywhere else than the summit of Norway’s highest mountain – Galdhøpiggen. https://sciencenorway.no/biodi..., (visited 7 VIII 2020, 7 III 2023).
 
4.
Andersen, T. B. 1998. Extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of southern Norway, an overview. Tectonophysics 285: 333–351.
 
5.
Ballantyne, C. K. 2010. A general model of autochthonous blockfield evolution. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 21: 289–300.
 
6.
Ballantyne, C. K. 2018. Periglacial geomorphology. Hoboken, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 472 pp.
 
7.
Ballantyne, C. K. & Matthews, J. A. 1982. The development of sorted circles on recently deglaciated terrain, Jotunheimen, Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research 14: 341–354.
 
8.
Battey, M. H. & McRitchie, W. D. 1973. A geological traverse across the pyroxenegranulites of Jotunheimen in the Norwegian Caledonides. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 53: 237–265.
 
9.
Battey, M. H. & McRitchie, W. D. 1975. The petrology of the pyroxene-granulite facies rocks of Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 55: 1–49.
 
10.
Baumann, S., Winkler, S. & Andreassen, L. M. 2009. Mapping glaciers in Jotunheimen, South-Norway, during the “Little Ice Age” maximum. The Cryosphere 3: 231–243.
 
11.
Birks, H. J. B. 2021. High-elevation limits and the ecology of high-elevation vascular plants: legacies from Alexander von Humboldt. Frontiers of Biogeography 2021, 13.3, e53226, [18 pp.].
 
12.
Bisht, K., Upadhyay, S. & Joshi, Y. 2019. Higher growth rates of saxicolous lichens in alpine regions of Western Himalaya – A consequence of warming climate? ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology 27: 69–72.
 
13.
Bjune, A. E. 2005. Holocene vegetation history and tree-line changes on a north–south transect crossing major climate gradients in southern Norway – evidence from pollen and plant macrofossils in lake sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 133: 249–275.
 
14.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1954. La végétation alpine et nivale des Alpes françaises. SIGMA Communication 125: 1–72.
 
15.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1957. Ein Jahrhundert Florenwandel am Piz Linard (3414 m). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État á Bruxelles 27: 221–232.
 
16.
Burchardt, D. B. 1948. Fjell i Norge over 2000 m o. h. Norwegian mountains over 2000 metres high. Altitudes, locations, and first ascents. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 12: 201–235.
 
17.
Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. 1975. Lichens récoltés par Jean Amic en Norvège et en Grande-Bretagne. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence 28: 53–63.
 
18.
Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7: 1–893.
 
19.
Cook-Talbot, J. D. 1991. Sorted circles, relative-age dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in an alpine periglacial environment, eastern Jotunheimen, Norway: lichenometric and weathering-based approaches. The Holocene 1: 128–141.
 
20.
Creveld, M. 1981. Epilithic lichen communities in the alpine zone of Southern Norway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 17: 1–288, tab.
 
21.
Corfu, F., Andersen, T. B. & Gasser, D. 2014. The Scandinavian Caledonides: main features, conceptual advances and critical questions. In: Corfu, F., Gasser, D. & Chew, D. M. (eds), New perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and related areas. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 390(1): 9–43.
 
22.
Culberson, C. F. & Ammann, K. 1979. Standardmethode zur Dünnschichtchromatographie von Flechtensubstanzen. Herzogia 5: 1–24.
 
23.
Czekirda, J., Etzelmüller, B., Westermann, S., Isaksen, K. & Magnin, F. 2023. Post Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway. The Cryosphere 17: 2725–2754.
 
24.
Dahl, E. 1946. On different types of unglaciated areas during the Ice Ages and their significance to phytogeography. New Phytologist 45: 225–242.
 
25.
Dahl, E. 1956. Rondane. Mountain vegetation in south Norway and its relation to the environment. Skrifter Utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Matematisk–Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 3: 1–374, map. (Lichens p. 353–362).
 
26.
Dahl, E. 1975. Flora and plant sociology in Fennoscandian tundra areas. In: Wielgolaski, F. E. (ed.), Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. Part 1: Plants and microorganisms, pp. 62–67. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
 
27.
Dahl, E. 1986. Zonation in arctic and alpine tundra and fjellfield ecobiomes. In: Polunin, N. (ed.), Ecosystem theory and application, pp. 35–62. Chichester, New York: Wiley.
 
28.
Dahl, E. 1998. The phytogeography of Northern Europe (British Isles, Fennoscandia and adjacent areas). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
 
29.
Dahl, E. & Hygen, G. 1951. Nye høidegrenser på Surtningssuen i Jotunheimen. Blyttia 9: 106–110.
 
30.
Dahl, S. O., Nesje, A. & Øvstedal, J. 1997. Cirque glaciers as morphological evidence for a thin Younger Dryas ice sheet in east-central southern Norway. Boreas 26: 161–180.
 
31.
Degelius, G. N. 1948. Lichenologiska anteckningar fran en resa i sodra Norge. Botaniska Notiser 1948: 137–156.
 
32.
Dierßen, K. 2004. West-Norwegen. In: Burga, C. A., Klötzli, F. & Grabherr, G. (eds), Gebirge der Erde. Landschaft, Klima, Pflanzenwelt. pp. 115–123, 477–478. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
 
33.
Du Rietz, G. E. 1925. Die regionale Gliederung der skandinavischen Vegetation Svenska Växtsociologiska Sällskapets Handlingar 8: 1–60, tab.
 
34.
Dyrrdal, A. V. 2010. Analysis of past snow conditions in Norway – Time periods 1931–60, 1961–90 and 1979–2008. MET report No. 10/2010: 32 pp.
 
35.
Ebert, K. 2009. Terminology of long-term geomorphology: a Scandinavian perspective. Progress in Physical Geography 33(2): 163–182.
 
36.
Engler, R., Randin, C. F., Thuiller, W., Dullinger, S., Zimmermann, N. E., Araujo, M. B., Pearman, P. B., Le Lay, G., Piedallu, C., Albert, C. H., Choler, P., Coldea, G., De Lamo, X., Dirnböck, T., Gégout, J.-C., Gómez-García, D., Grytnes, J.-A., Heegaard, E., Høistad, F., Nogués–Bravo, D., Normand, S., Puşcaş, M., Sebastià, M.-T., Stanisci, A., Theurillat, J.-P., Trivedi, M. R., Vittoz, P. & Guisan, A. 2011. 21st century climate change threatens mountain flora unequally across Europe. Global Change Biology 17: 2330–2341 + suppl.
 
37.
Erikstad, L. & Sollid, J. L. 1986. Neoglaciation in South Norway using lichenometric methods. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 40: 85–105.
 
38.
Etzelmüller, B. & Frauenfelder, R. 2009. Factors controlling the distribution of mountain permafrost in the northern Hemisphere and their influence on sediment transfer. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41: 48–58.
 
39.
Etzelmüller, B. & Hagen, J. O. 2005. Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard. In: Harris, C. & Murton, J. B. (eds), Cryospheric systems: glaciers and permafrost, pp. 11–27. London: Geological Society, Special Publication 242.
 
40.
Etzelmüller, B., Berthling, I. & Sollid, J. L. 1998. The distribution of permafrost in Southern Norway; a GIS approach. In: Lewkowicz, A. G. & Allard, M. (eds), Seventh International Conference on Permafrost, Proceedings, Collection Nordicana 57: 251–257. Québec: Centre d’Etudes Nordiques, Universite Laval.
 
41.
Etzelmüller, B., Hoelzle, M., Heggem, E. S. F., Isaksen, K., Mittaz, C., Vonder Mühll, D., Ødegård, R. S., Haeberli, W. & Sollid, J. L. 2001a. Mapping and modelling the occurrence and distribution of mountain permafrost. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 55: 186–194.
 
42.
Etzelmüller, B., Ødegård, R. S., Berthling, I. & Sollid, J. L. 2001b. Terrain parameters and remote sensing data in the analysis of permafrost distribution and periglacial processes: Principles and examples from Southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12: 79–92.
 
43.
Etzelmüller, B., Berthling, I. & Sollid, J. L. 2003. Aspects and concepts on the geomorphological significance of Holocene permafrost in southern Norway. Geomorphology 52: 87–104.
 
44.
Foskett, J. I. J. 1998. The nature and significance of microtopographic effects on vegetation succession on selected glacier forelands, Jotunheimen and Jostedalen, Norway. ?London: University of Greenwich. Doctoral thesis.
 
45.
Fossen, H., Pedersen, R. B., Bergh, S. & Andresen, A. 2008. Creation of a mountain chain. The building up of the Caledonides: About 500–405 million years. In: Ramberg, I. B., Bryhni, I., Nøttvedt, A. & Rangsnes, K. (eds), The making of a land. Geology of Norway. Chapter 6: 178–229. Trondheim: Norsk Geologisk Forening.
 
46.
Fredin, O., Bergstrøm, B., Eilertsen, R., Hansen, L., Longva, O., Nesje, A. & Sveian, H. 2013. Glacial landforms and Quaternary landscape development in Norway. In Olsen, L., Fredin, O. & Olesen, O. (eds), Quaternary Geology of Norway. Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication 13: 5–25.
 
47.
Frey, E. 1927. Bemerkungen über die Flechtenvegetation Skandinaviens, verglichen mit denjenigen der Alpen. In: Rübel, E. (ed.), Ergebnisse der internationalen pflanzengeographischen Exkursion durch Schweden und Norwegen 1925. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich 4: 210–259.
 
48.
Fries, T. M. 1871. Lichenographia scandinavica sive dispositio lichenum in Dania, Suecia, Norvegia, Fennia, Lapponia rossica hactenus collectorum. Vol. 1, Pars prima: [I]–324. Upsaliae: E. Berling.
 
49.
Fries, T. M. 1874. Lichenographia scandinavica sive dispositio lichenum in Dania, Suecia, Norvegia, Fennia, Lapponia rossica hactenus collectorum. Vol. 1, Pars secunda: 325–639. Upsaliae: E. Berling.
 
50.
Gisnås, K. 2011. Modelling of permafrost in Norway using two equilibrium models. Oslo: University of Oslo. Master thesis.
 
51.
Gisnås, K., Etzelmüller, B., Farbrot, H., Schuler, T. V. & Westermann, S. 2013. CryoGRID 1.0: Permafrost distribution in Norway estimated by a spatial numerical model. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 24: 2–19.
 
52.
Gisnås, K., Etzelmüller, B., Lussana, C., Hjort, J., Sannel, A. B. K., Isaksen, K., Westermann, S., Kuhry, P., Christiansen, H. H., Frampton, A. & Åkerman, J. 2017. Permafrost Map for Norway, Sweden and Finland. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28: 359–378.
 
53.
Gjærevoll, O. 1956. The plant communities of the Scandinavian alpine snow-beds. Skrifter Utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Matematisk–Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1956(1): 1–405. Appendix: Index to species, p. 1–13.
 
54.
Goehring, B. M., Brook, E. J., Linge, H., Raisbeck, G. M. & Yiou, F. 2008. Beryllium‐10 exposure ages of erratic boulders in southern Norway and implications for the history of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 320–336.
 
55.
Gottfried, M., Pauli, H., Futschik, A., Akhalkatsi, M., Barančok, P., Alonso, J. L. B., Coldea, G., Dick, J., Erschbamer, B. & Kazakis, G. 2012. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate Change 2: 111–115.
 
56.
Grabherr, G., Nagy, L. & Thompson, D. B. A. 2003. An outline of Europe’s alpine areas. In: Nagy, L., Grabherr, G., Körner, C. & Thompson, D. B. A. (eds), Alpine biodiversity in Europe, p. 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. (Ecological Studies 167).
 
57.
Green, F. H. W. & Harding, R. J. 1980. The altitudinal gradients of air temperature in Southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography, 62: 29–36.
 
58.
Grindrud, E. T. 2019. Changes in species richness and altitudinal distribution of vascular plants in Jotunheimen, Norway. Ås: Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet. master thesis.
 
59.
Hafellner, J. 1993. Über Funde von lichenicolen Pilzen und Flechten im südlichen Norwegen. Herzogia 9: 749–768.
 
60.
Hafellner, J. 1994. Beiträge zu einem Prodromus der lichenicolen Pilze Österreichs und angrenzender Gebiete I. Einige neue oder seltene Arten. Herzogia 10: 1–28.
 
61.
Hallang, H., Los, S. O. & Hiemstra, J. F. 2022a. Permafrost, thermal conditions and vegetation patterns since the mid-20th century: A remote sensing approach applied to Jotunheimen, Norway. Progress in Physical Geography 46: 716–736.
 
62.
Hallang, H., Froyd, C. A., Hiemstra, J. F. & Los, S. O. 2022b. Tree line shifts, changing vegetation assemblages and permafrost dynamics on Galdhøpiggen (Jotunheimen, Norway) over the past ~4400 years. The Holocene 32: 308–320.
 
63.
Hanssen-Bauer, I., Førland, E. J., Haddeland, I., Hisdal, H., Mayer, S., Nesje, A., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Sandven, S., Sandø, A. B., Sorteberg, A. & Ådlandsvik, B. 2015. Klima i Norge 2100. Kunnskapsgrunnlag for klimatilpasning oppdatert i 2015. NCCS Report No. 2/2015. 2. Opplag.
 
64.
Hanssen-Bauer, I., Førland, E. J., Haddeland, I., Hisdal, H., Lawrence, D., Mayer, S., Nesje, A., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Sandven, S., Sandø, A. B., Sorteberg, A. & Ådlandsvik, B. 2017. Climate in Norway 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation. NCCS Report No. 1/2017.
 
65.
Harris, C. & Cook, J. D. 1986. The detection of high altitude permafrost in Jotunheimen, Norway using seismic refraction techniques: An assessment. Arctic and Alpine Research 18: 19–26.
 
66.
Hauck, C., Isaksen, K., Vonder Mühll, D. & Sollid, J. L. 2004. Geophysical surveys designed to delineate the altitudinal limit of mountain permafrost: an example from Jotunheimen, Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 15: 191–205.
 
67.
Haugan, R. 1990. Rhizocarpon dinothetes new to Scandinavia. – Graphis Scripta 3: 25.
 
68.
Haugan, R., Bendiksby, M., Rui, S. & Timdal, E. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the lichen genus Miriquidica (Ascomycota, Lecanoraceae). Pdf of poster. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4....
 
69.
Haugan, R., Holien, H., Hovind, A. A., Ihlen, P. G. & Timdal, E. 2021. Artsgruppeomtale lav (‘Lichenes’). In: Norsk rødliste for arter 2021. https://artsdatabanken.no/list....
 
70.
Havaas, J. 1903. Om vegetationen paa Hardangervidden. Bergens Museums Aarbog 1902(5): 1–19.
 
71.
Havaas, J. (“Havås”) 1928. Om vegetasjonen på toppen av Hårteigen. Bergens Museums Årbok 1927 Naturvidenskabelig Rekke 3: 1–15.
 
72.
Hertel, H. 1975. Über einige gesteinsbewohnende Krustenflechten aus der Umgebung von Finse (Norwegen, Hordaland). Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 12: 113–152.
 
73.
Hestmark, G. 2020. Apostlenes gjerninger: Keilhau og Boeck «oppdager» Jotunfjeldene. GEO 23(4): 16–21.
 
74.
Hestmark, G., Skogesal, O. & Skullerud, O. 2004a. Growth, reproduction, and population structure in four alpine lichens during 240 years of primary colonization. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 1356–1362.
 
75.
Hestmark, G., Skogesal, O. & Skullerud, O. 2004b. Growth in the alpine saxicolous lichens Allantoparmelia alpicola and Melanelia stygia. Nova Hedwigia 78: 301–309.
 
76.
Hestmark, G., Skogesal, O. & Skullerud, Ø. 2005. Growth, population density and population structure of Cetraria nivalis during 240 years of primary colonization. The Lichenologist 37: 535–541.
 
77.
Hestmark, G., Skogesal, O. & Skullerud, Ø. 2007. Early recruitment equals long-term relative abundance in an alpine saxicolous lichen guild. Mycologia 99: 207–214.
 
78.
Hipp, T., Etzelmüller, B. & Westermann, S. 2014. Permafrost in alpine rock faces from Jotunheimen and Hurrungane, Southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 25: 1–13.
 
79.
Høitomt, T. & Olsen, S. L. 2010. Nye høydegrenser for en rekke karplanter i Norge. Blyttia 68: 75–80.
 
80.
Hole, J. & Bergersen, O. F. 1981. Weichselian till stratigraphy and ice movements in Ottadalen, central south Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 61: 25–33.
 
81.
Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren, N. H. & Barnett, L. C. (eds) 1990. Index herbariorum. Part I. The herbaria of the world. 8th edition. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden for the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (Regnum Vegetabile 120).
 
82.
Hovden, E. T. 2022. Steinsprangfare i permafrostmiljø i Jotunheimen. Klimaendringene sin påvirkning for fjellsporten. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo. Master thesis.
 
83.
Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ø. S., Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J. I. 2016. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas 45: 1–45.
 
84.
Isaksen, K., C. Hauck, E. Gudevang, R. S. Odegard & Sollid, J. L. 2002. Mountain permafrost distribution in Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen, southern Norway, based on BTS and DC resistivity tomography data. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 56: 122–136.
 
85.
Isaksen, K., Sollid, J. L., Holmlund, P. & Harris, C. 2007. Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, F02S04, [11 pp.].
 
86.
Isaksen, K., Ødegård, R. S., Etzelmüller, B., Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Farbrot, H., Eiken, T., Hygen, H. O. & Hipp, T. 2011. Degrading mountain permafrost in southern Norway: Spatial and temporal variability of mean ground temperatures, 1999–2009. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 22: 361–377.
 
87.
Jørgensen, P. M. & Nordin, A. 2009. Lichens in Scandinavia known mainly from Norwegian type specimens. Graphis Scripta 21: 1–20.
 
88.
Jørgensen, R. 1932. Karplantenes høidegrenser i Jotunheimen. Oslo: Brøgger. (Reprint out of Nyt Magazin for Naturvitenskaberne 72: 1–128, map. 1933).
 
89.
King, L. 1983. High mountain permafrost in Scandinavia. Permafrost, Fourth International Conference, July 17–22, 1983, Fairbanks, Proceedings, pp. 612–617. Washington: National Academy Press.
 
90.
King, L. 1986. Zonation and ecology of high mountain permafrost in Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 68: 131–139.
 
91.
King, L. & Åkerman, J. 1993. Mountain permafrost in Europe. In: Permafrost. Sixth International Conference. July 5–9, 1993, Beijing. Proceedings Vol. 2: 1022–1027. Wushan, Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press.
 
92.
Klanderud, K. 2000. Recent changes in the altitudinal distribution of vascular plants in Jotunheimen, central south Norway. Bergen: University of Bergen. Cand. Sci. thesis, 104 pp. [publication not seen, data pages sent by the author, results summarized in Klanderud & Birks 2003, data also included in Grindrud 2019).
 
93.
Klanderud, K. 2008. Species-specific responses of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change. Journal of Vegetation Science 19: 363–372.
 
94.
Klanderud, K. & Birks, H. J. B. 2003. Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. The Holocene 13(1): 1–6.
 
95.
Klanderud, K. & Totland, Ø. 2005. Simulated climate change altered dominance hierarchies and diversity of an alpine biodiversity hotspot. Ecology 86: 2047–2054.
 
96.
Klanderud, K. & Totland, Ø. 2008. Diversity-stability relationships of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40(4): 679–684.
 
97.
Klement, O. 1955. Prodromus der mitteleuropäischen Flechtengesellschaften. Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beiheft 135: 5–194.
 
98.
Knudsen, K. & Kocourková, J. 2008. A study of lichenicolous species of Polysporina (Acarosporaceae). Mycotaxon 105: 149–164.
 
99.
Krog, H., Østhagen, H. & Tønsberg, T. 1994. Lavflora. Norske busk- og bladlav. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 368 pp.
 
100.
Kruse, R. & Stünitz, H. 1999. Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution in mafic high-temperature mylonites from the Jotun Nappe, southern Norway. Tectonophysics 303: 223–249.
 
101.
Kukwa, M. 2011. The lichen genus Ochrolechia in Europe. Gdánsk: Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdánskiego. 309 pp.
 
102.
Kullman, L. 2002. Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. Journal of Ecology 90: 68–77.
 
103.
Lane, T. P., Paasche, Ø., Kvisvik, B., Adamson, K. R., Rodés, Á., Patton, H., Gomez, N., Gheorghiu, D., Bakke, J. & Hubbard, A. 2020. Elevation changes of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet interior during the last deglaciation. Geophysical Research Letters 47, e2020GL088796 [10 pp.].
 
104.
Lawrey, J. D. & Diederich, P. 2003. Lichenicolous fungi: Interactions, evolution, and biodiversity. The Bryologist 106: 80–120.
 
105.
Lidmar-Bergström, K. & Näslund, J. O. 2002. Landforms and uplift in Scandinavia. In: Doré, A. G., Cartwright, J. A, Stoker, M. S., Turner, J. R & White, N. (eds), Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, mechanisms and implications for petroleum exploration. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 196: 103–116.
 
106.
Lidmar-Bergström, K., Ollier, C. D. & Sulebak, J. R. 2000. Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway. Global and Planetary Change 24: 211–231.
 
107.
Lidmar-Bergström, K., Bonow, J. M. & Japsen, P. 2013. Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence. Global and Planetary Change 100: 153–171.
 
108.
Lie, Ø., Dahl, S. O. & Nesje, A. 2003. A theoretical approach to glacier equilibrium-line altitudes using meteorological data and glacier mass-balance records from southern Norway. The Holocene 13: 365–372.
 
109.
Lilleøren, K. S., Etzelmüller, B., Schuler, T. V., Ginås, K. & Humlum, O. 2012. The relative age of permafrost – estimation of Holocene permafrost limits in Norway. Global and Planetary Change 92–93: 209–223.
 
110.
Lundmark, A. M., Corfu, F., Spurgin, S. & Selbekk, R. S. 2007. Proterozoic evolution and provenance of the high-grade Jotun Nappe Complex, SW Norway: U–Pb geochronology. Precambrian Research 159: 133–154.
 
111.
Lye, K. A. 1973. The vascular plants on alpine peaks at Filefjell, south Norway. Norwegian Journal of Botany 20: 51–55.
 
112.
Lynge, B. 1921. Studies on the lichen flora of Norway. Skrifter Utgit av Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania, I. Matematisk–Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1921, 1. Bind, no. 7: 1–252.
 
113.
Machaček, F. 1908. Geomorphologische Studien aus dem norwegischen Hochgebirge [Geomorphologic studies from the Norwegian high mountain area]. Abhandlungen der K.-K. Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 7(2): 1–58, tab.
 
114.
Magnin, F., Etzelmüller, B., Westermann, S., Isaksen, K., Hilger, P. & Hermanns, R. L. 2019. Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes. Earth Surface Dynamics 7: 1019–1040.
 
115.
Mangerud, J., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ø. & Svendsen, J. I. 2011. Glacial history of Norway. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. & Hughes, P. D. (eds), Quaternary glaciations – extent and chronology: a closer look. Developments in Quaternary Science 15: 279–298. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
 
116.
Mangerud, J., Aarseth, I., Hughes, A. L. C., Lohne, Ø. S., Skår, K., Sønstegaard, E. & Svendsen, J. I. 2016. A major re-growth of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in western Norway during Allerød-Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 132: 175–205.
 
117.
Manley, G. 1955. On the occurrence of ice domes and permanently snow-covered summits. Journal of Glaciology 2(17): 453–456.
 
118.
Marr, P., Winkler, S. & Löffler, J. 2018. Investigations on blockfields and related landforms at Blåhø (Southern Norway) using Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating: palaeoclimatic and morphodynamic implications. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 100(3): 285–306.
 
119.
Matthews, J. A. 1973. Lichen growth on an active medial moraine, Jotunheimen, Norway. Journal of Glaciology 12(65): 305–313.
 
120.
Matthews, J. A. 1974. Families of lichenometric dating curves from the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 28: 215–235.
 
121.
Matthews, J. A. 1975. Experiments on the reproducibility and reliability of lichenometric dates, Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 29: 97–109.
 
122.
Matthews, J. A. 1977. A lichenometric test of the 1750 end moraine hypothesis. Storbreen gletschervorfeld. Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 31: 129–136.
 
123.
Matthews, J. A. 1979a. The vegetation of the Storbreen Gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. I. Introduction and approaches involving classification. Journal of Biogeography 6(1): 17–47.
 
124.
Matthews, J. A. 1979b. The vegetation of the Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway, II. Approaches involving ordination and general conclusions. Journal of Biogeography 6: 133–167.
 
125.
Matthews, J. A. 2005. ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier variations in Jotunheimen, southern Norway: a study in regionally controlled lichenometric dating of recessional moraines with implications for climate and lichen growth rates. The Holocene 15(1): 1–19.
 
126.
Matthews, J. A. & Dresser, P. Q. 2008. Holocene glacier variation chronology of the Smørstabbtindan massif, Jotunheimen, southern Norway, and the recognition of century- to millennial-scale European Neoglacial events. The Holocene 18: 181–201.
 
127.
Matthews, J. A. & Nesje, A. 2023 (?2022). Scandinavia. In: Oliva, M., Nývlt, D. & Fernández-Fernández, J. M. (eds), Periglacial landscapes of Europe, pp. 365–426. Cham: Springer.
 
128.
Matthews, J. A. & Vater, A. E. 2015. Pioneer zone geo-ecological change: observations from a chronosequence on the Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Catena 135: 219–230.
 
129.
Matthews, J. A., Dahl, S. O., Nesje, A., Berrisford, M. S. & Andersson, C. 2000. Holocene glacier variations in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway based on distal glaciolacustrine sediment cores. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 1625–1647.
 
130.
Matthews, J. A., Hill, J. L., Winkler, S., Owen, G. & Vater, A. E. 2018. Autosuccession in alpine vegetation: Testing the concept on an altitudinal bioclimatic gradient, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Catena 170: 169–182.
 
131.
Matthews, J. A., Haselberger, S., Hill, J. L., Owen, G., Winkler, S., Hiemstra, J. F. & Hallang, H. 2020. Snow-avalanche boulder fans in Jotunheimen, southern Norway: Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating, geomorphometrics, dynamics and evolution. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 102(2): 118–140.
 
132.
McEwen, L. J., Matthews, J. A. & Owen, G. 2020. Development of a Holocene glacier-fed alluvial fan based on calibrated- and relative age dating techniques: the Illåe fan, Jotunheimen, Norway. Geomorphology 363 (2020) 107200. [15 pp.].
 
133.
McKerrow, W. S., Mac Niocaill, C. & Dewey, J. F. 2000. The Caledonian Orogeny redefined. Journal of the Geological Society, London 157: 1149–1154.
 
134.
Melvold, K. & Andreassen, L. M. 2021. Glittertinden. In: Kjøllmoen, B. (ed.), Glaciological investigations in Norway 2020. NVE Rapport 31/2021: 85–89. Oslo: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate.
 
135.
Michelsen, O., Holten, J. I. & Syverhuset, A. O. 2009. Kartlegging av fjellflora for å studere effekter av klimaendringer – foreløpige resultater fra en undersøkelse på Dovrefjell. [An analysis of alpine flora to investigate effects of climate change – preliminary results from a study in Dovre mountain region]. Blyttia 67(1): 50–67.
 
136.
Michelsen, O., Syverhuset, A. O., Pedersen, B. & Holten, J. I. 2011. The impact of climate change on recent vegetation changes on Dovrefjell, Norway. Diversity 2011(3): 91–111.
 
137.
Nagy, L. & Grabherr, G. 2009. The biology of alpine habitats. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
138.
Naughton, F., Sánchez Goñi, M. F. & Toucanne, S. 2023 (?2022). Quaternary climate variability and periglacial dynamics. In: Oliva, M., Nývlt, D. & Fernández-Fernández, J. M. (eds), Periglacial landscapes of Europe, pp. 7–35. Cham: Springer.
 
139.
Nesje, A. & Dahl, S. O. 1990. Autochthonous blockfields in southern Norway: implications for the geometry, thickness and isostatic loading of the Late Weichselian Scandinavian ice sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 5: 225–234.
 
140.
Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., Anda, E., Rye, N., 1988. Block fields in southern Norway: Significance for the Late Weichselian ice sheet. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68: 149–169.
 
141.
Nesje, A., McCarroll, D. & Dahl, S. O. 1994. Degree of rock surface weathering as an indicator of ice-sheet thickness along an east-west transect across southern Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science 9(4): 337–347.
 
142.
Nordhagen, R 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter. En plantesosiologisk monografi. Bergens Museums Skrifter 22: 1–607.
 
143.
Noreng Trøn, M. I. & Lusæter, E. 2020. Skulle finne høgda på Glittertind – vart overraska over det dei oppdaga. https://www.nrk.no/innlandet/s... (visited 7. III. 2023).
 
144.
Odland, A. 2009. Interpretation of altitudinal gradients in south central Norway based on vascular plants as environmental indicators. Ecological Indicators 9: 409–421.
 
145.
Odland, A. 2010. Importance of mountain height and latitude for the altitudinal distribution limits of vascular plants in Scandinavia: are the mountains high enough? Fennia 188(2): 149–162.
 
146.
Odland, A. 2012. Karplantefloraen på Hårteigen, Hardangervidda. Endringer fra 1877 til 2010. Blyttia 70(1): 52–61.
 
147.
Odland, A. & Birks, H. J. B. 1999. The altitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness in Aurland, western Norway. Ecography 22: 548–566.
 
148.
Odland, A., Høitomt, T. & Olsen, S. L. 2010. Increasing vascular plant richness on 13 high mountain summits in Southern Norway since the early 1970s. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42(4): 458–470.
 
149.
Odland, A., Reinhardt, S. & Pedersen, A. 2015. Differences in richness of vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts in southern Norwegian alpine vegetation. Plant Ecology & Diversity 8(1): 37–47.
 
150.
Odland, A., Høitomt, T. & Olsen, S. L. 2018. Variasjon i karplantemangfold i de øvre delene av 20 fjell-topper i Sør-Norge. Blyttia 76(1): 17–31.
 
151.
Ødegård, R., Liestøl, O. & Sollid, J. L. 1988. Periglacial forms related to terrain parameters in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. In: Senneset, K. (ed.), Permafrost, Fifth International Conference, August 2–5, 1988, Trondheim. Proceedings vol. 3: 55–61. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers.
 
152.
Ødegård, R. S., Sollid, J. L. & Liestøl, O. 1992. Ground temperature measurements in mountain permafrost, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 3: 231–234.
 
153.
Ødegård, R. S., Isaksen, K., Mastervik, M., Billdal, L., Engler, M. & Sollid, J. 1999. Comparison of BTS and Landsat TM data from Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 53(4): 226–233.
 
154.
Østhagen, H. 1975. Makrolavfloraen i Ovre Heimdalen, Jotunheimen. The macrolichens of Ovre Heimdalen, Jotunheimen, central South Norway. Blyttia 33(2): 83–87.
 
155.
Østrem, G. 1965. Problems of dating ice-cored moraines. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 47(1): 1–38.
 
156.
Østrem, G., Selvig, K. D. & Tandberg, K. 1988. Atlas over breer i Sør-Norge [Atlas of glaciers in south Norway]. Meddelelse fra Hydrologisk Avdeling 61: A-1–A-68, B-1–B-180. Oslo: Norges Vassdrags-og Energiverk Vassdragsdirektoratet.
 
157.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Winsborrow, M. & Stroeven, A. P. 2016. The build-up, configuration, and dynamical sensitivity of the Eurasian ice-sheet complex to Late Weichselian climatic and oceanic forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 153: 97–121.
 
158.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Auriac, A., Whitehouse, P. L., Stroeven, A. P., Shackleton, C., Winsborrow, M., Heyman, J. & Hall, A. M. 2017. Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex. Quaternary Science Reviews 169: 148–172.
 
159.
Pauli, H., Gottfried, M. & Grabherr, G. 2003. The Piz Linard (3411 m), the Grisons, Switzerland – Europe’s oldest mountain vegetation study site. In: Nagy, L., Grabherr, G., Körner, C. & Thompson, D. B. A. (eds), Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167: 443–448. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
 
160.
Paus, A., Velle, G., Larsen, J., Nesje, A. & Lie, Ø. 2006. Lateglacial nunataks in central Scandinavia: Biostratigraphical evidence for ice thickness from Lake Flåfattjønn, Tynset, Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1228–1246.
 
161.
Paus, A., Velle, G. & Berge, J. 2011. The Lateglacial and early Holocene vegetation and environment in the Dovre mountains, central Norway, as signalled in two Lateglacial nunatak lakes. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1780–1796.
 
162.
Paus, A., Boessenkool, S., Brochmann, C., Epp, L. S., Fabel, D., Haflidason, H. & Linge, H. 2015. Lake Store Finnsjøen–a key for understanding Lateglacial/early Holocene vegetation and ice sheet dynamics in the central Scandes Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews 121: 36–51.
 
163.
Piper, J. D. A. & Poppleton, T. J. 1990. A palaeomagnetic study of the Basal Gneiss Region and Jotun Nappe Complex, central-southem Scandinavian Caledonides. Geophysical Journal International 101: 591–612.
 
164.
Purvis, O. W. & Halls, C. 1996. A review of lichens in metal-enriched environments. The Lichenologist 28(6): 571–601.
 
165.
Rea, B. R. 2013. Blockfields (Felsenmeer). In: Elias, S. A. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Vol. 3: 523–534. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
 
166.
Reisigl, H. & Pitschmann, H. 1958. Obere Grenzen von Flora und Vegetation in der Nivalstufe der zentralen Ötztaler Alpen (Tirol). Vegetatio 8(2): 93–129.
 
167.
Reusch, H. 1903. Betrachtungen über das Relief von Norwegen. Geographische Zeitschrift 9(8): 425–435.
 
168.
Rixen, C. & Wipf, S. 2017. Non-equilibrium in alpine plant assemblages: Shifts in Europe’s summit floras. In: Catalan, J., Ninot, J. M. & Aniz, M. M. (eds), High mountain conservation in a changing world. Advances in Global Change Research 62: 285–303.
 
169.
Rixen, C., Wipf, S., Frei, E. & Stöckli, V. 2014. Faster, higher, more? Past, present and future dynamics of alpine and arctic flora under climate change. Alpine Botany 124: 77–79.
 
170.
Runemark, H. 1956. Studies in Rhizocarpon II. Distribution and ecology of the yellow species in Europe. Opera Botanica 2(2): 1–150.
 
171.
Sancho, L. G., Pintado, A. & Green, T. G. A. 2019. Antarctic studies show lichens to be excellent biomonitors of climate change. Diversity 11(3): 42 [14 p.].
 
172.
Schei, A. J. S. 1984. Makrolavfloraen i Dovrefjell nasjonalpark. The Macrolichens of Dovrefjell National Park. Gunneria 50: 1–117.
 
173.
Scheidegger, C. 2021. High alpine lichens. In: Büdel, B. & Friedl, T. (eds), Life at rock surfaces: Challenged by extreme light, temperature and hydration fluctuations, pp. 161–173. Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
 
174.
Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W. & Wolseley, P. A. (eds), 2009. The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society, Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum.
 
175.
Sollid, J. L. & Sørbel, L. 1994. Distribution of glacial landforms in southern Norway in relation to the thermal regime of the last continental ice sheet. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 76(1–2): 25–35.
 
176.
Sparrius, L. B. Spier, J. L., Breuss, O. & Vervoort, M. 2006. Korstmossen van het BLWG-zomerkamp in Noorwegen in 2002. Buxbaumiella 75: 26–33.
 
177.
Sparrius, L., Spier, L., Breuss, O. & Vervoort, M. 2007. Contribution to the lichen flora of the Hardangervidda mountain plateau and adjacent areas, Norway. Graphis Scripta 19(2): 53–55.
 
178.
Stöckli, V., Wipf, S., Nilsson, C. & Rixen, C. 2012. Using historical plant surveys to track biodiversity on mountain summits. Plant Ecology & Diversity 4(for 2011): 415–425.
 
179.
Strøm, K. M. 1948. The geomorphology of Norway. The Geographical Journal 112(1–3): 19–23.
 
180.
Stroeven, A. P. Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B. W., Harbor, J. M., Jansen, J. D., Olsen, L., Caffee, M. W., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G. C., Strömberg, B. & Jansson, K. N. 2016. Deglaciation of Fennoscandia. Quaternary Science Reviews 147: 91–121.
 
181.
Timdal, E. 1982. Bidrag til Norges lavflora. Contributions to the lichen flora of Norway. Blyttia 40: 179–185.
 
182.
Timdal, E. 1983. The genus Squamarina in Scandinavia. The Lichenologist 15: 169–179.
 
183.
Timdal, E. 1984. Acarospora intricata and A. wahlenbergii (Acarosporaceae) in Scandinavia. Nordic Journal of Botany 4: 541–543.
 
184.
Timdal, E. 1992. The distribution of Mycobilimbia fissuriseda. Graphis Scripta 3: 115–117.
 
185.
Tønsberg, T. 1992. The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1–331.
 
186.
Vanneste, T. 2016. Climate change and alpine vegetation shifts on mountaintop summits in Norway. Gent: University of Gent. Master thesis. http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RU....
 
187.
Vanneste, T., Michelsen, O., Graae, B. J., Kyrkjeeide, M. O., Holien, H., Hassel, K., Lindmo, S., Kapás, R. E. & De Frenne, P. 2017. Impact of climate change on alpine vegetation of mountain summits in Norway. Ecological Research 32: 579–593 + suppl.
 
188.
Vorren, T. O. & Mangerud, J. 2008. Glaciations come and go. Quaternary to Holocene (Pleistocene): 2,6 Ma–11,500 years ago. In: Ramberg, I. B., Bryhni, I., Nøttvedt, A. & Rangsnes, K. (eds), The making of a land. Geology of Norway. Chapter 15: 480–532. Trondheim: Norsk Geologisk Forening.
 
189.
Vorren, T. O., Mangerud, J., Blikra, J., Nesje, A. & Sveian, H. 2008. The emergence of modern Norway. The last 11,500 years – the Holocene. In: Ramberg, I. B., Bryhni, I., Nøttvedt, A. & Rangsnes, K. (eds), The making of a land. Geology of Norway. Chapter 16: 534–558. Trondheim: Norsk Geologisk Forening.
 
190.
Vrang, E. P. 1934. Bidrag till kännedomen om Dovres lavflora. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Forhandlinger 7: 8–10.
 
191.
Westberg, M., Moberg, R., Myrdal, M., Nordin, A. & Ekman, S. 2021. Santesson’s checklist of Fennoscandian lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi. – Uppsala: Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution.
 
192.
Westermann, S., Schuler, T. V., Gisnås, K. & Etzelmüller, B. 2013. Transient thermal modeling of permafrost conditions in Southern Norway. The Cryosphere 7: 719–739.
 
193.
Wilson, P. 2009. Storurdi: A Late Holocene rock-slope failure (sturzstrom) in the Jotunheimen, Southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 91(1): 47–58.
 
194.
Winkler, S., Donner, A. & Tintrup gen. Suntrup, A. 2021 (?2020). Periglacial landforms in Jotunheimen, central southern Norway, and their altitudinal distribution. In: Beylich, A. A. (ed.), Landscapes and landforms of Norway, pp. 169–202. Cham: Springer.
 
195.
Wipf, S., Stöckli, V., Herz, K. & Rixen, C. 2013. The oldest monitoring site of the Alps revisited: accelerated increase in plant species richness on Piz Linard summit since 1835. Plant Ecology & Diversity 6(3–4): 447–455.
 
196.
Wirth, V. 1995. Flechtenflora. Bestimmung und ökologische Kennzeichnung der Flechten Südwestdeutschlands und angrenzender Gebiete. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart: Ulmer Verlag.
 
eISSN:2657-5000
ISSN:2544-7459
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top